Multilingualism and the risk of Alzheimer disease and dementia
نویسنده
چکیده
........................................................................................................................................ .iii Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................vii List of Tables.................................................................................................................................xii List of Figures................................................................................................................................xv List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................................xvi 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Alzheimer Disease ................................................................................................................. 3 2.1.1 Epidemiology and Public Health Impact ........................................................................ 3 2.1.2 Alzheimer Disease Risk Factors ..................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Alzheimer Disease Etiology ........................................................................................... 7 2.1.4 Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis ....................................................................................... 12 2.2 Cognitive Reserve ............................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Cognitive Reserve Definition ....................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Component Factors ....................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Implications and Outcomes in Alzheimer Disease Research ....................................... 23 2.3 Multilingualism and Cognitive Reserve .............................................................................. 26 2.3.1 Multilingualism and Cognition in Older Adults ........................................................... 26 2.3.1.1 Multilingualism and Executive Control ................................................................. 27 2.3.1.2 Multilingualism and Verbal Fluency ..................................................................... 30 2.3.2 Multilingualism, Cognitive Decline, and Alzheimer Disease ...................................... 32 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 38 3.0 Study Rationale and Research Questions ............................................................................... 39 3.1 Study Rationale ................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................................. 40
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